Amplifier

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a configurable low noise amplifier circuit which is configurable between a first topology in which the low noise amplifier circuit includes a degeneration inductance whereby the low noise amplifier circuit operates as an inductively degenerated low noise amplifier, and a second topology in which the low noise amplifier circuit includes a feedback resistance whereby the low noise amplifier circuit operates as a resistive feedback low noise amplifier.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to low noise amplifiers. In particular, but notexclusively, this invention relates to configurable low noise amplifiercircuits.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Radio frequency receivers can be configured to operate within a numberof different radio frequency bands. For example a receiver for a mobilestation (or cellular telephony device) can be configured to operatewithin any of the following bands: Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM), 850, 900, 1800, and/or 1900, Wideband CodeDivision Multiple Access (WCDMA), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/orLong Term Evolution (LTE) Bands 1, 2, 3, etc. This allows a mobilestation containing such a receiver to be used in different areas wherevarying subsets of the above radio frequency bands are supported (e.g.to enable roaming).

Receivers typically incorporate one or more Radio-Frequency IntegratedCircuits (RFICs) including a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) as the firstamplifying stage in the receiver. For example, one or more LNAs aretypically used to amplify the radio frequency signals gathered by anantenna, and the amplified signals generated by the LNA(s) are then usedby other components in the receiver.

Receivers typically include one or more radio frequency (RF) filterslocated between the antenna and the LNA(s) that form the firstamplifying stage of the receiver. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplaryreceiver comprising an RF module 100 and antenna 130. RF module 100comprises an RF Front End Module 132 which in turn includes one or more(up to a total of n) RF filters 110-112 that filter radio frequencysignals gathered by antenna 130. RF module 100 also comprises an RFIC134 which in turn comprises one or more (up to a total of m) LNAs120-122 that amplify the filtered signals generated by the RF filters110-112.

As is known from Friis' formula for noise factor, the LNA that forms thefirst amplifying stage of a receiver dominates the noise figure of thereceiver. The LNA that forms the first stage also has a key role indetermining the input impedance of the receiver. The input impedance ofthis LNA must be carefully matched to a certain impedance, as otherwisethe performance of an RF filter (e.g. 110-112) preceding the LNA will bedegraded. Additionally, an RF filter preceding the LNA will typicallyhave a fixed frequency range which requires the inputs of the LNA toalso be matched to that frequency range.

As a result, depending on the LNA structure, it may be necessary toutilize matching components external to the RFIC containing the LNA toappropriately set the input impedance and frequency range matching.However, these external matching components can be expensive, and insome cases it is preferable to use an LNA with internal matchingcapabilities to appropriately set its input impedance and frequencyrange matching.

Another measure of receiver performance is its sensitivity (referencesensitivity level), which measures the minimum detectable signal levelat the receiver input. The signal quality of the received signal istypically determined by bit error rate or throughput. The sensitivitylevel S is determined by the equation:

S=−174 dBm/Hz+10 log(BW)+SNRmin+NF  (1)

where −174 dBm/Hz is the available noise power density from an inputsource at a temperature of 290 K, BW is the channel bandwidth, SNR_(min)is the required signal-to-noise ratio, and NF is the receiver noisefigure. The SNR_(min) depends on the targeted bit error rate and themodulation method used, for example.

The RF filter preceding the LNA that forms the first amplifying stage ina receiver may have significant insertion loss in some of the radiofrequency bands within which the receiver is configured to operate. Theinsertion loss can cause the receiver to be less sensitive and have ahigher noise figure for these radio frequency bands. Since the receiversensitivity in these radio frequency bands is worse, the range betweenthe transmitter and the receiver over which the receiver may be requiredto operate is reduced, thus making the cellular network design morechallenging and more expensive. In addition, the size of the antennaconnected to the receiver may be limited due to space constraints indevices such as mobile stations, thus restricting the performance of theantenna; this is exacerbated at lower frequencies, for example below 1GHz, where the size of an antenna tends to become larger due to thelonger wavelength. The receiver capability can therefore be degradedleading to decreased link performance.

To mitigate the above effects, the LNA noise figure should be as good aspossible. However, achieving good noise performance without usingexternal matching components prior to the LNA and with adequate currentconsumption is a challenging task. Additionally, as well as theexpensive and size consuming external components, the cost of the RFICcontaining the LNA must also be considered. To keep the semiconductordie area of the RFIC small, the number of on-chip inductors should bekept at a minimum, because high quality inductors require significantdie area and their size does not downscale along with reductions in thefeatures widths of integrated circuits.

From the above it can be seen that there are a number of differentdesign factors to be considered when designing an LNA, and thataccommodating some or all of these factors simultaneously can provedifficult. There is therefore a need to enhance LNA design by providingimproved ways of accommodating various design factors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a configurable low noise amplifier circuit, said low noiseamplifier circuit being configurable between one of a first topology inwhich said low noise amplifier circuit comprises a degenerationinductance whereby said low noise amplifier circuit operates as aninductively degenerated low noise amplifier and a second topology inwhich said low noise amplifier circuit comprises a feedback resistancewhereby said low noise amplifier circuit operates as a resistivefeedback low noise amplifier. Hence, the present invention allowsprovision of either inductively degenerated low noise amplifierfunctionality or resistive feedback low noise amplifier functionalityvia a single low noise amplifier circuit. Only a single instance ofcomponents common to both of the topologies is required and suchcomponent re-use helps to reduce the cost and die area.

In an embodiment of the invention, the circuit comprises a switchingarrangement and is configurable between one of the first topology andthe second topology via the switching arrangement. Hence, the circuitcan be configured in either an inductively degenerated topology or aresistive feedback topology according to the desired performance of thecircuit.

In one embodiment of the invention, the low noise amplifier comprises afirst input transistor, and the degeneration inductance comprises adegeneration inductor connected between a first output terminal of thefirst input transistor and ground. Hence, the invention provides a lownoise amplifier topology with associated good noise figure andsensitivity performance. Impedance matching is provided via thedegeneration inductance and one or more external matching components.

In another embodiment of the invention, the low noise amplifiercomprises a first input transistor, and the feedback resistancecomprises a feedback resistor connected between the input terminal ofthe first input transistor and a first output of the circuit. In thistopology, impedance matching is provided via the internal feedbackresistance with no requirement for matching using external matchingcomponents.

In some embodiments of the invention, the switching arrangementcomprises a first topology switching means (or function) connectedbetween a first output terminal of the first input transistor andground, and a second topology switching means (or function) connectedbetween the input terminal of the first input transistor and thefeedback resistor. The circuit is configurable in the first topology byconfiguring the first and second topology switching means in an openstate, and the circuit is configurable in the second topology byconfiguring the first and second topology switching means in a closedstate.

In arrangements of the invention, the first and/or the second topologyswitching means comprise switching transistors, each of the switchingtransistors is configurable in the open state via input of an open statecontrol signal to the input terminal of the respective switchingtransistor, and each of the switching transistors is configurable in theclosed state via input of a closed state control signal to the inputterminal of the respective switching transistor. Hence, the topology ofthe circuit can be conveniently configured by applying appropriatecontrol signals, for example digital control signals, to a number ofswitching transistors within the circuit.

In embodiments of the invention, the circuit comprises a first cascodetransistor connected to a second output terminal of the first inputtransistor and the first output of the circuit. Hence, undesiredamplification of the input capacitance of the first input transistor tothe output of the amplifier is reduced.

In embodiments of the invention, the circuit comprises a decouplingcapacitor connected between the input terminal of the first inputtransistor and the second topology switching means. Hence, decoupling ofalternating current to the first input transistor and second topologyswitching means is provided.

In some arrangements of the invention, the circuit comprises adecoupling capacitor connected between the feedback resistor and anoutput of the circuit. Hence, further decoupling of alternating currentto the second topology switching means is provided.

In other arrangements of the invention, the circuit comprises a feedbackamplifier connected between the feedback resistor and an output of thecircuit. Hence, additional buffering to boost performance of the circuitis provided.

In an embodiment of the invention, the first topology comprises acapacitor connected between a first output terminal of the first inputtransistor and ground. Hence, transconductance stage (comprising 200,250 and/or 202) PSRR and/or CMRR metrics can be adjusted.

Embodiments of the invention involve the circuit comprising aconfigurable load, for example an LC (inductor/capacitor) resonatorload, connected to a first output of the circuit. The inventiontherefore allows configuration of transconductance states of thecircuit.

In arrangements of the invention, when the low noise amplifier circuitis configured in the second topology, the degeneration inductance isadapted to provide a power supply noise rejection impedance. Hence, thedegeneration inductance of the inductively degenerated low noiseamplifier topology can be usefully employed in the resistive feedbacktopology to counter noise effects of a power supply of the circuit.

In an embodiment of the invention, the circuit comprises a second inputtransistor whereby the low noise amplifier circuit comprises adifferential low noise amplifier circuit. The degeneration inductorcomprises a centre-tap differential degeneration inductor connected to afirst output terminal of the first input transistor, a first outputterminal of the second input transistor and ground. The feedbackresistance comprises a further feedback resistor connected between theinput terminal of the second input transistor and a second output of thecircuit. Hence, the invention provides a configurable differentialamplifier having associated good common-mode rejection performance.

In embodiments of the invention, the first topology switching means isconnected between the first output terminal of the first inputtransistor and the first output terminal of the second input transistor,and the circuit comprises a third topology switching means (or function)connected between the input terminal of the second input transistor andthe further feedback resistor. The circuit is configurable in the firsttopology by configuring the first, second and third topology switchingmeans in an open state, and the circuit is configurable in the secondtopology by configuring the first, second and third topology switchingmeans in a closed state. Hence, a further topology switching means canbe employed to configure the differential low noise amplifier circuitinto an appropriate topology.

In an arrangement of the invention, when the low noise amplifier circuitis configured in the second topology, the degeneration inductance isadapted to provide a common-mode signal rejection impedance in relationto signal components common to the first and second input signals.Hence, the degeneration inductance of the inductively degenerated lownoise amplifier topology can be usefully employed in the resistivefeedback topology to provide desirable common-mode signal rejection fora differential amplifier.

In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a radio-frequency semiconductor integrated circuit comprisingone or more configurable low noise amplifier circuits according to thefirst aspect of the invention.

In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a radio-frequency module comprising one or more radio-frequencyfilter circuits coupled to one or more configurable low noise amplifiercircuits according to the first aspect of the invention.

In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a device comprising a configurable low noise amplifier circuitaccording to the first aspect of the invention.

In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of configuring a low noise amplifier circuitcomprising applying one of:

a first set of one or more control signals to the circuit to configurethe circuit in a first topology in which the low noise amplifier circuitcomprises a degeneration inductance whereby the low noise amplifiercircuit operates as an inductively degenerated low noise amplifier; or

a second set of one or more control signals to the circuit to configurethe circuit in a second topology in which the low noise amplifiercircuit comprises a feedback resistance whereby the low noise amplifiercircuit operates as a resistive feedback low noise amplifier.

In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a configurable low noise amplifier circuit, the low noiseamplifier circuit being configurable between:

an internal input impedance matching topology in which the low noiseamplifier circuit comprises one or more internal input impedancematching components adapted to match the input impedance of the lownoise amplifier to a given input, the one or more internal inputimpedance matching components being located internally to the low noiseamplifier circuit; and

a topology different from the internal input impedance matchingtopology.

The topology different from the internal input impedance matchingtopology may be different from the internal input impedance matchingtopology in that it does not include the one or more internal inputimpedance matching components of the internal input impedance matchingtopology.

Hence, when the configurable low noise amplifier circuit is configuredin the internal input impedance matching topology, no external matchingcomponents are required for matching the input impedance of the lownoise amplifier to a given input. When the configurable low noiseamplifier circuit is configured in the topology different from theinternal input impedance matching topology, one or more externalimpedance matching components are required for matching the inputimpedance of the low noise amplifier to a given input.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparentfrom the following description of preferred embodiments of theinvention, given by way of example only, which is made with reference tothe accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a radio-frequency integrated circuit according to theprior art.

FIG. 2 illustrates an inductively degenerated low noise amplifiercircuit according to the prior art.

FIG. 3 illustrates a resistive feedback low noise amplifier circuitaccording to the prior art.

FIG. 4 illustrates a configurable low noise amplifier according to anembodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a configurable low noise amplifier according to anembodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates a configurable low noise amplifier according to anembodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates a configurable low noise amplifier according to anembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Several LNA structures are known, each of these having certain benefitsand drawbacks regarding their noise performance, overall cost, and inputmatching capabilities.

A first known LNA topology is the inductively degenerated LNA topology,a detailed analysis of which has been given in, for example, in D. K.Shaeffer and T. H. Lee, “A 1.5-V, 1.5-GHz CMOS low noise amplifier,”IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 5, May 1997, pp. 745-759.

An exemplary inductively degenerated LNA circuit is depicted in FIG. 2.The LNA of FIG. 2 is a differential amplifier, where transistors 200 and210 form the positive or ‘plus’ side of the differential amplifier, andtransistors 202 and 212 form the negative or ‘minus’ side of thedifferential amplifier. The plus and minus sides of the differentialamplifier are each arranged in a cascode configuration, wheretransistors 200 and 202, each arranged in a common source configuration,form the input transistors of the plus and minus sides, respectively,and transistors 210 and 212 form the cascode transistors of the plus andminus sides, respectively. In this case, each of transistors 200, 202,210, 212 is an enhancement mode n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effect transistor (MOSFET), (also referred to as ‘NMOS’).

The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the twoinput signals applied to its input terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m222, where the signal applied to input terminal Input_m 222 is a signalhaving the same magnitude as the signal applied to input terminalInput_p 220 but being 180 degrees out of phase with that signal (i.e.the signals have opposite phase). The differential amplifier is able toreject signal components common to both its input signals whilstamplifying the difference between the two signals. The degree to whichthe differential amplifier rejects signal components common to both itsinput signals whilst amplifying the difference between the two signals.can be measured by the Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) metric.

The gate terminal of input transistor 200 on the plus side of theamplifier is connected to a decoupling capacitor 240 that is in turnconnected to an external matching component 230. Input terminal Input_p220 is connected to external matching component 230. External matchingcomponent 230 is located on a separate circuit or device to the circuitcontaining the LNA of FIG. 2, i.e. matching component 230 is ‘off-chip’(denoted by dashed surrounding box in FIG. 2). In this case, matchingcomponent 230 is an inductor.

Similarly on the minus side of the amplifier, the gate terminal of inputtransistor 202 is connected to a decoupling capacitor 242 that is inturn connected to an external matching component 232. Input terminalInput_m 222 is connected to external matching component 232. Again,matching component 232 is located off-chip, and in this case is aninductor.

The gate terminals of input transistors 200 and 202 thus each form aninput terminal of their respective input transistor. The source anddrain terminals of input transistors 200 and 202 therefore form outputterminals of the input transistors.

The source terminal of each of the two input transistors 200, 202 isconnected to a different respective terminal of an inductor 250.Inductor 250 is a centre-tap differential inductor device with mutualcoupling. Inductor 250 provides inductive degeneration of the sourceterminals of the two input transistors 200, 202. The centre-tap terminalof inductor 250 is connected to ground.

The drain terminal of input transistor 200 on the plus side of thedifferential amplifier is connected to the source terminal of cascodetransistor 210. Similarly, the drain terminal of input transistor 202 onthe minus side of the differential amplifier is connected to the sourceterminal of cascode transistor 212.

The gate terminals of cascode transistors 210 and 212 are both connectedto the circuit voltage supply Vdd (a DC voltage). Note that a gateterminal DC voltage can be set to a level other than Vdd, such that thedrain voltage of input transistor 200 can be set to a desired level inorder to increase the available voltage swing at the drain terminal ofcascode transistor 210.

The drain terminals of cascode transistors 210 and 212 are connected tooutput terminals Output_p 260 and Output_m 262 respectively, whereOutput_p is the output terminal of the plus side of the differentialamplifier, and Output_m is the output terminal of the minus side of thedifferential amplifier. The drain terminals of cascode transistors 210and 212 are also each connected to the voltage supply Vdd via aconfigurable load; in this case the configurable load comprises aninductor 280 and variable capacitor 270 connected in parallel. Inductor280 is a centre-tap differential inductor device and its centre-tapterminal is connected to voltage supply Vdd. The output terminalsOutput_p 260 and Output_m 262 of the LNA of FIG. 2 are thus connected tothe configurable load.

The noise performance of the LNA topology depicted in FIG. 2 istypically dominated by the noise performance of input transistors 200and 202. The noise performance can be improved by optimizing the inputmatching network (for example including input transistors 200 and 202and external matching components 230 and 232). In this topology, theinput matching network preceding the input transistors provides passivevoltage gain which can be measured as a ratio of the voltage swingobserved at the gate to source terminal junction of the correspondinginput transistor, e.g. 200, and the voltage swing at the LNA input. Ahigh value for this ratio, known in this context as the Q-value of theinput matching network, is beneficial in reducing the drain currentnoise of input transistor 200, but it increases the induced gate currentnoise of the input transistor. The optimum Q-value can be determinedusing the following equation:

$\begin{matrix}{F = {1 + \frac{R_{Lin}}{R_{S}} + \frac{R_{g}}{R_{S}} + {\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}\frac{1}{Q_{i\; n}}\left( {1 - {2{c}\sqrt{\frac{\delta \; \alpha^{2}}{5\gamma}}} + \frac{\delta \; \alpha^{2}}{5\; \gamma}} \right)\left( \frac{f_{0}}{f_{T}} \right)} + {\frac{\delta \; \alpha}{5}{Q_{i\; n}\left( \frac{f_{0}}{f_{T}} \right)}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In equation (2), R_(Lin), R_(g), and R_(S) are, respectively, the seriesresistance of external matching component 230, the gate resistance ofinput transistor 200, and the source impedance of transistor 200. Thesymbols δ, γ, and α are transistor noise parameters, while Q_(in) is theQ-value of the input matching network, and f₀ and f_(T) are theoperational and unity-gain frequencies respectively. Finally, c is thecorrelation coefficient between the drain terminal and gate terminalnoises of input transistor 200.

The inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2 has a comparatively good noisefigure, thereby reducing the noise contribution of the following stagesin the receiver, and provides both current and voltage gain. In general,the noise figure of this LNA topology improves along with higherunity-gain frequency.

However, noise parameters γ and δ tend to increase as the transistorchannel shortens. Fortunately, some components can be modelled as ratiosof noise factors γ and δ which can be considered approximately constant;this is a reasonable assumption, since both noise sources have the samephysical origin. Therefore, the increment of noise parameters γ and δdue to the effect of a short-channel is not as severe for an inductivelydegenerated LNA input stage. However, the inductively degenerated LNAtopology requires several off-chip external matching components 230 and232, and thus tends to be relatively expensive.

A second known LNA topology is the resistive feedback (or‘shunt-resistor’) LNA, a detailed analysis of which has been given inC.-F. Liao and S.-I. Liu, “A broadband noise-cancelling CMOS LNA for3.1-10.6-GHz UWB receivers,” IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 42,no. 2, February 2007, pp. 329-339.

An exemplary resistive feedback LNA circuit is depicted in FIG. 3. Aswith the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, the LNA of FIG. 3 is adifferential amplifier, where transistors 200 and 210 form the positiveor ‘plus’ side of the differential amplifier, and transistors 202 and212 form the negative or ‘minus’ side of the differential amplifier.

The topology of the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3 is similar to thatof the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2; however, there are severaldifferences as follows:

Firstly, no inductor 250, which provides inductive degeneration of thesource terminals of input transistors 200 and 202 in the inductivelydegenerated LNA of FIG. 2, is present in the resistive feedback LNA ofFIG. 3. Instead, the source terminals of input transistors 200 and 202of the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3 are connected directly toground.

Secondly, output terminal Output_p 260, i.e. the output terminal of theplus side of the differential amplifier, is connected to input terminalInput_p 220, i.e. the input of the plus side of the differentialamplifier, via a feedback resistor 300. Similarly, output terminalOutput_m 262, i.e. the output terminal of the minus side of thedifferential amplifier, is connected to input terminal Input_m 222, i.e.the input terminal of the minus side of the differential amplifier, viaa feedback resistor 302. Feedback resistors 300 and 302 thus provideresistive feedback to the plus and minus sides of the differentialamplifier, respectively.

Thirdly, an important difference between these LNA topologies is theconfigurability of the input matching frequency. In the resistivefeedback topology, the optimum input matching frequency follows theoutput swing at the output. When the gain at the resistive feedback LNAoutput is set to the desired frequency by tuning a resonator loadapplied to the output, the input matching is observed at the samefrequency. This can be understood by calculating the input impedancevalue of the resistive feedback topology which is approximately definedby Z_(in)=(R_(fb)+Z_(L))/(1+G_(m)*Z_(L)), where R_(fb) is the feedbackresistor value, Z_(L) is the load impedance and G_(m) is thetransconductance of the input device. This is in contrast to the inputmatching of the inductively degenerated LNA topology which is generallymore fixed to a certain frequency.

Finally, no external matching components 230 and 232 are provided in theresistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3. Input transistors 200 and 202 are thusdirectly connected to the Input_p 220 and Input_m 222 terminals,respectively, via decoupling capacitors 240 and 242, respectively.

Rather than requiring external matching components in order to match theimpedance to which the input terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222 areconnected (where the impedance to be matched to is for example theoutput impedance of an RF filter preceding the LNA), the resistivefeedback LNA of FIG. 3 is capable of matching the impedance connected toinput terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222 internally within the LNA.

There are no external matching components 230 and 232 present in theresistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3 that provide a passive voltage gainprior to capacitors 240 and 242, as described above for the inductivelydegenerated LNA of FIG. 2, so the noise effects of input transistors 200and 202 are not mitigated. In addition, there are additional noisesources in the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3 due to the feedbackloops between the output terminals 260 and 262 and input terminals 220and 222 of the LNA. The input referred noise from both the configurableload and the feedback loops increases as the resistance of feedbackresistors 300 and 302 decreases.

In general, the noise performance of the resistive feedback LNA of FIG.3 is worse compared to the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2.However, since the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3 does not requireexternal matching components 230 and 232, nor inductor 250 for inductivedegeneration, the overall cost of the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3is lower compared to that of the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2.

The present invention relates to an LNA circuit that can be configuredbetween one of a first topology in which the low noise amplifier circuitcomprises a degeneration inductance such that the low noise amplifiercircuit operates as an inductively degenerated low noise amplifier, anda second topology in which the low noise amplifier circuit comprises afeedback resistance such that the low noise amplifier circuit operatesas a resistive feedback low noise amplifier. In the first topology,external matching components are used in conjunction with the LNA forinput impedance matching purposes. In the second topology, inputimpedance matching is carried out using components internal to the LNAtopology; no external matching components are required in the secondtopology. Input impedance matching may for example involve matching tothe output impedance of an RF filter connected to one or more inputs ofthe LNA.

An exemplary configurable LNA circuit according to the invention isillustrated in FIG. 4. As with the LNAs of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, theexemplary LNA of FIG. 4 is a differential amplifier, where transistors200 and 210 form the positive or ‘plus’ side of the differentialamplifier, and transistors 202 and 212 form the negative or ‘minus’ sideof the differential amplifier.

The topology of the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 necessarily contains somesimilar features to both the inductively degenerated low noise amplifierof FIG. 2 and the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3; however, there areseveral important differences which include the following:

Firstly, the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 contains a switching arrangementfor configuring the LNA between one of the first topology and the secondtopology. The switching arrangement contains a number of topologyswitching means.

Secondly, similarly to the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3, theconfigurable LNA of FIG. 4 includes feedback resistor 300 on the plusside of the differential amplifier. However, rather than feedbackresistor 300 on the plus side of the differential amplifier beingconnected directly to input terminal Input_p 220, feedback resistor 300is connected to a topology switching means, in this case switchingtransistor 400, that is in turn connected to input terminal Input_p 220.One of the drain terminal and source terminal of switching transistor400 is connected to feedback resistor 300, whilst the other terminal isconnected to input terminal Input_p 220. The gate terminal of switchingtransistor 400 is connected to a configuration control signal terminal421. Topology switching means 400 is thus connected between the gate ofinput transistor 200 (via decoupling capacitor 240) and feedbackresistor 300.

Thirdly, similarly to the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3, theconfigurable LNA of FIG. 4 includes feedback resistor 302 on the minusside of the differential amplifier. However, rather than feedbackresistor 302 on the minus side of the differential amplifier beingconnected directly to input terminal Input_m 222, feedback resistor 302is connected to a topology switching means, in this case switchingtransistor 402, that is in turn connected to input terminal Input_m 222.One of the drain terminal and source terminal of switching transistor402 is connected to feedback resistor 302, whilst the other terminal isconnected to input terminal Input_m 222. The gate terminal of switchingtransistor 402 is connected to a configuration control signal terminal423. Topology switching means 402 is thus connected between the gate ofinput transistor 202 (via the decoupling capacitor 242) and feedbackresistor 302.

Fourthly, similarly to the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, aninductor 250 is present in the configurable LNA of FIG. 4.

Fifthly, a topology switching means, in this case a switching transistor410, is connected between the source terminals of input transistors 200and 202. One of the drain terminal and source terminal of switchingtransistor 410 is connected to the source terminal of input transistor200, whilst the other terminal is connected to the source terminal ofinput transistor 202. The gate terminal of switching transistor 410 isconnected to a configuration control signal terminal 425.

Sixthly, decoupling capacitors 430 and 432 provide decoupling of thevoltage supply to ground potential for switching transistors 400 and 402respectively.

By applying appropriate configuration control signals to configurationcontrol terminals 421, 423 and 425, switching transistors 400, 402 and410 can be switched between an open state, whereby the configurable LNAof FIG. 4 is configured in the first topology, and a closed state,whereby the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 is configured in the secondtopology. The first and second topologies that can be configured byusing the topology switching means will now be described in more detail.

In the first topology, switching transistors 400, 402 and 410 areconfigured to an open state. When in an open state, a switchingtransistor provides a high resistance between its drain and sourceterminals which effectively disconnects (or ‘open-circuits’) the drainand source terminals. A switching transistor may be placed in the openstate by applying an appropriate control signal to the respectiveconfiguration control signal terminal such that the voltage between thegate terminal and the source terminal (i.e. the voltage V_(gs)) of theswitching transistor is less (or approximately less) than the thresholdvoltage (i.e. the voltage V_(t)) of the switching transistor, i.e. aswitching transistor may thus be described as being in cutoff mode. Aconfiguration control signal for configuring a switching transistor intoan open state may for example comprise a digital ‘0’ signal (such as asignal comprising a first voltage level).

By configuring switching transistors 400 and 402 to an open state,feedback resistors 300 and 302 are effectively disconnected from theinput signals applied to input terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222,respectively.

As a result, there is no feedback loop present between the outputterminals Output_p 260 and Output_m and the input terminals Input_p 220and Input_m 222, respectively.

By configuring switching transistor 410 to an open state, the sourceterminals of input transistors 200 and 202 are effectively connectedonly via inductor 250, whose centre-tap is connected to ground. Inductor250 therefore provides inductive degeneration of the source terminals ofinput transistors 200 and 202, as in the inductively degenerated LNA ofFIG. 2.

The configurable LNA thus operates as an inductively degenerated LNAwhen switching transistors 400, 402 and 410 are switched to an openstate, i.e. when the configurable LNA is configured in the firsttopology.

Therefore, when configured in the first topology, the configurable LNAdoes not provide internal input impedance matching, for example matchingto the output impedance of a preceding RF filter connected to inputterminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222. As a result, the input impedanceof the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 should be matched, for example to apreceding RF filter, by connecting external impedance matchingcomponents, for example external matching components 230 and 232 asdepicted in the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, in-betweendecoupling capacitors 240, 242 and input terminals Input_p 220 andInput_m 222 respectively.

The first topology of the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 thus provides thebenefits of the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, i.e. relativelylow noise figure, but requires the use of external matching componentsin order to provide input impedance matching.

In the second topology, switching transistors 400, 402 and 410 areconfigured to a closed state. When in a closed state, a switchingtransistor provides a low resistance between its drain and sourceterminals which effectively connects (or ‘short-circuits’) the drain andsource terminals. A switching transistor can be placed in the closedstate by applying a configuration control signal to its control signalterminal such that the voltage between the gate terminal and the sourceterminal (i.e. the voltage V_(gs)) of the switching transistors isgreater than the threshold voltage (i.e. the voltage V_(t)) of theswitching transistor, i.e. a switching transistor may thus be describedas being in triode mode. A configuration control signal for configuringa switching transistor into a closed state may for example comprise adigital ‘1’ (such as a signal comprising a second voltage level)

By configuring switching transistors 400 and 402 to a closed state,feedback resistors 300 and 302 are effectively connected to the inputterminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222, respectively. As a result, afeedback loop is present between output terminals Output_p 260 andOutput_m and input terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222, respectively(and thus the input terminals of input transistors 200 and 202,respectively, via decoupling capacitors 240 and 242).

The configurable LNA thus operates as a resistive feedback LNA whenswitching transistors 400, 402 and 410 are configured to a closed state,i.e. when the configurable LNA is configured in the second topology.

Therefore, when configured in the second topology, the configurable LNAprovides internal input impedance matching, for example matching to theoutput impedance of a preceding RF filter connected to input terminalsInput_p 220 and Input_m 222. As a result, external matching components,for example external matching components 230 and 232 as depicted in theinductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, are not required when theconfigurable LNA is configured in the second configuration state.

When the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 is configured in the secondtopology, switching transistor 410 is configured to a closed state; thisprovides additional benefits, as will now be described.

By configuring switching transistor 410 to a closed state, the sourceterminals of the input transistors 200 and 202 are effectively connected(i.e. short-circuited). The connection formed by switching transistor410 between the source terminals of input transistors 200 and 202 is inparallel to inductor 250 which connects the source terminals of theinput transistors 200 and 202.

As in the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, inductor 250 is adifferential inductor device with mutual coupling. The mutual couplingof the differential inductor device causes the inductor to operatedifferently for common-mode signals applied to the differentialamplifier, compared to differential-mode signals applied to thedifferential amplifier.

Common-mode signals applied to the differential amplifier are signalcomponents that have the same magnitude and same phase in the respectiveinput signals applied to input terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222. Incontrast, differential-mode signals are signal components that have thesame magnitude and opposite phase in the respective input signalsapplied to input terminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222.

For differential-mode signals that are applied to the input terminalsInput_p 220 and Input_m 222, when the configurable LNA is configured inthe second topology, the connection formed by switching transistor 410between the source terminals of input transistors 200 and 202 forms avirtual ground for the differential signal.

However in relation to common-mode signals that are applied to the inputterminals Input_p 220 and Input_m 222, when the configurable LNA isconfigured in the second topology, inductor 250 remains active,providing an inductance equivalent to:

(1−k)/2*L _(n)  (3)

between the source terminals of input transistors 200 and 202 and ground(which is connected to the centre-tap of inductor 250), where k is themutual coupling coefficient of inductor 250, and L_(n) is a nominalinductance based on the electrical length of inductor 250.

Thus, when the configurable LNA is configured in the second topology,the inductance provided by inductor 250 (as per equation (3) above) inrelation to common-mode signals forms an impedance that serves toattenuate interference and other noise from the ground voltage supply.The power supply noise rejection performance, for example asdemonstrated by a higher Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) metric, ofthe configurable LNA when configured in the second topology is thusimproved. The degeneration inductance provided by inductor 250 is thusadapted to provide a power supply noise rejection impedance when theconfigurable LNA is configured in the second topology.

Such improvements in the PSRR metric are typically only seen ininductively degenerated LNA topologies such as that of FIG. 2. However,the configurable LNA enables such improvements in a resistive feedbackLNA topology by ‘borrowing’ the inductor 250 from the inductivelydegenerated LNA topology. The ‘borrowing’ of inductor 250 also ensuresthat an expensive (in terms of chip area) on-chip component from thefirst topology of the configurable LNA is used in both configurations ofthe configurable LNA.

Additionally, when the configurable LNA is configured in the secondtopology, the inductance provided by inductor 250 (as per equation (3)above) in relation to common-mode signals forms a degeneration inductorfor the source terminals of input transistors 200 and 202. As describedabove in relation to the inductively degenerated LNA of FIG. 2, such adegeneration inductor serves to improve the common-mode rejectionperformance, for example as demonstrated by a higher CMRR metric, of theconfigurable LNA when configured in the second topology. Thedegeneration inductance provided by inductor 250 is thus adapted toprovide a common-mode signal rejection impedance in relation to signalcomponents common to input signals applied to input terminals Input_p220 and Input_m 222 when the configurable LNA is configured in thesecond topology.

Such improvements in the CMRR metric are typically only seen ininductively degenerated LNA topologies such as that of FIG. 2. However,the configurable LNA enables such improvements in a resistive feedbackLNA topology by ‘borrowing’ the inductor 250 from the inductivelydegenerated LNA of FIG. 2. The ‘borrowing’ of the inductor 250 alsoensures that an expensive (in terms of chip area) on-chip component fromthe first topology of the configurable LNA is used in bothconfigurations of the configurable LNA.

The configurable LNA of FIG. 4 thus provides an LNA that can beconfigured according to the desired use case or design requirements.

The LNA can be configured in the second topology if a more sensitive LNAwith a better noise figure is required, at the cost of a need forexternal matching components, e.g. 230 and 232, in order to provideimpedance matching for the inputs of the configurable LNA.

Alternatively, the LNA can be configured in the second topology in orderto provide a more cost effective solution.

Additionally, when the configurable LNA is configured in the secondtopology, the use of inductor 250 provides an improvement in the PSRRand CMRR of the LNA over the resistive feedback LNA of FIG. 3. Thisresults in the re-use of an expensive on-chip component (i.e. inductor250) that can consume a significant amount of chip area of theconfigurable LNA.

The configurable LNA may be configured by its manufacturer, or by athird party installing the configurable LNA, for example in a device ormodule thereof; this may involve a method of configuring the LNA thatcomprises applying either a first set of one or more control signals tothe LNA to configure it in the first topology or a second set of one ormore control signals to the LNA to configure it in the second topology.A set of control signals may for example be applied to one or more ofthe switching transistors.

The configurable LNA of FIG. 4 can be implemented in a radio-frequencysemiconductor integrated circuit (RFIC). Such an RFIC may be included inan RF module comprising an RF filter located in an RF Front End Modulepreceding the LNA. The RFIC may comprise input and output pins that maybe used to connect external matching components between the configurableLNA and the RF filter. An RFIC could alternatively comprise one or moreRF filters connected to one or more configurable LNAs.

The configurable LNA of FIG. 4 can be incorporated in a number ofdifferent devices. Such a device could comprise a user equipment such asa mobile station, personal digital assistant or cellular telephonydevice etc.; the configurable LNA may for example be included in areceiver of such a user equipment. Further, such a device could comprisea modem device to be attached to a user equipment, for example a USBmodem. Still further, such a device could comprise a communicationmodule such as a Machine-to-Machine (M2M) module which can be insertedinto another device such as a laptop computer or other device withcommunication capability (for example a vending machine). Yet, stillfurther, such a device could comprise a chipset which may include radioand baseband parts.

The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples ofthe invention. Further embodiments of the invention are envisaged, someexamples of which follow here.

In a first alternative arrangement, cascode transistors 210 and 212 arenot included in the configurable LNA circuit of FIG. 4. In such anarrangement, on the plus side of the differential amplifier, the drainterminal of input transistor 200 is connected to output terminalOutput_p 260 of the configurable LNA and to the configurable load (e.g.inductor 280 and variable capacitor 270) that is connected to thevoltage supply Vdd. Similarly, on the minus side of the differentialamplifier, the drain terminal of input transistor 202 is connected tooutput terminal Output_m 262 of the configurable LNA and to theconfigurable load that is connected to the voltage supply Vdd. Theomission of the cascode transistors 210 and 212 may degrade theinput-output isolation of the invention and worsen the Miller effect ofthe configurable LNA; however such an arrangement still benefits fromthe other advantages of the configurable LNA of FIG. 4 described above.

In a second alternative arrangement, only one side of the differentialamplifier is included in the configurable LNA circuit of FIG. 4, forexample either the plus side or the minus side. In such an arrangementonly one input terminal, e.g. Input_p 220, and only one output terminal,e.g. Output_p, are included in the configurable LNA circuit.Additionally, degeneration inductor 250 is connected between the sourceterminal of the input transistor (e.g. 200) of the configurable LNA andground. Finally, the source and drain terminals of switching transistor410 are connected such that when the switching transistor 410 is in aclosed state, the source terminal of input transistor 200 is effectivelyconnected to ground. This arrangement thus does not comprise adifferential amplifier and does not benefit from the common-moderejection capabilities of a differential amplifier; however such anarrangement still benefits from the other advantages of the LNA of FIG.4 described above.

An exemplary configurable LNA circuit combining the first alternativearrangement above where the cascode transistors are omitted, and thesecond arrangement above where only one side of the differentialamplifier of the configurable LNA circuit of FIG. 4 is included, isillustrated in FIG. 5. This arrangement still benefits from the many ofthe advantages of the LNA of FIG. 4 described above.

In a yet further alternative embodiment, switching transistor 410 is notincluded in the configurable LNA circuit. The source terminals oftransistors 200 and 202 thus remain connected to respective terminals ofthe inductor 250 in both the first and second topologies of theconfigurable LNA. Different types of topology switching means may beused with any of the embodiments described above. For example, asopposed to n-type enhancement mode MOSFETs, p-type and/or depletion modeMOSFETs may be used. In another example, bipolar junction transistorsmay be used.

In further alternative embodiments, topology switching means other thanswitching transistors can be employed, for example mechanical switcheswhich can be physically switched to configure the configurable LNA inthe desired topology. Further, alternatively, electromagneticallyoperated relays could be employed as topology switching means.

In another further alternative embodiment, the inductor 250 may not be adifferential inductor with centre tap connected to ground, but insteadmay be replaced by two inductors. In this case, the first of theseinductors connects between the source terminal of input transistor 200(on the plus side of the differential amplifier) and ground, and thesecond of these inductors connects between the source terminal of inputtransistor 202 (on the minus side of the differential amplifier) andground.

De-coupling capacitors 240 and 242 may be omitted from any of theembodiments described above.

The configurable load, e.g. resonator load formed by inductor 280 andvariable capacitor 270, may be removed from the circuit or alternativelyreplaced with another impedance such as a non-resonator load, widebandload, active load etc.

In a yet further alternative embodiment, the configuration controlsignals applied to configuration control terminals 421, 423, 425 may beprovided by an RFIC containing the configurable LNA of FIG. 4. Forexample, one or more topology switching means may be used to connectconfiguration control terminals 421, 423, 425 to an appropriate voltagesupply (e.g. Vdd for one configuration and ground for anotherconfiguration) of the RFIC, in order to configure the LNA in either thefirst topology or the second topology. In another example, one or morenon-volatile memory devices may be configured to provide theconfiguration control signals, for example the output of a static randomaccess memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device or ElectricallyErasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) device may provide theconfiguration control signals. Such a non-volatile memory device couldbe externally programmed to store appropriate data (e.g. a ‘0’ bit or a‘1’ bit) in order to allow the memory device to provide configurationcontrol signals that configure the LNA in either the first topology orthe second topology. The method of configuring the LNA may in this caseinclude applying a set of control signals to the LNA by programming theabove non-volatile memory device appropriately.

In yet another alternative embodiment, the feedback loop between inputand output of the configurable LNA circuit utilises an amplifying stagein addition to the resistive feedback in order to provide additionalbuffering to boost overall performance of the circuit. An example ofsuch a configurable LNA circuit is depicted in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 containssimilar components to those depicted in FIG. 4, except that the inputfor the feedback amplifier 600 on the plus side of the circuit isconnected to the output of the configurable LNA, and the output of thefeedback amplifier is driving feedback resistor 300, which is turnconnected to the gate of input transistor 200; a feedback amplifier 602is similarly connected in the feedback loop on the minus side of thecircuit.

Another alternative embodiment involves adding, in addition to theconfigurable degeneration inductance, a configurable capacitor at thesource terminal of the input transistor(s) of the configurable LNA, forexample as per capacitor 700 shown in FIG. 7. This allows setting of theresonator frequency at the source terminal to a desired frequency andalso allows adjustment of the PSRR and/or CMRR metrics.

In a further embodiment, since the input matching network of theconfigurable LNA gives passive gain in the inductively degeneratedtopology, the current consumption in the inductively degeneratedtopology can be smaller than in the resistive feedback topology. Thismeans that different bias points for input transistors or alternatetransistor sizes can be used in the different topology configurations totrade-off between current consumption and performance.

It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any oneembodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other featuresdescribed, and may also be used in combination with one or more featuresof any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of theembodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not describedabove may also be employed without departing from the scope of theinvention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.

1. A configurable low noise amplifier circuit, the low noise amplifiercircuit being configurable between one of: a first topology in which thelow noise amplifier circuit comprises a degeneration inductance wherebythe low noise amplifier circuit operates as an inductively degeneratedlow noise amplifier; and a second topology in which the low noiseamplifier circuit comprises a feedback resistance whereby the low noiseamplifier circuit operates as a resistive feedback low noise amplifier;the configurable low noise amplifier further comprising: a switchingarrangement which operatively configures the configurable low noiseamplifier circuit between the first topology and the second topology,wherein when the configurable low noise amplifier circuit is operativelyconfigured in the second topology, the switching arrangement provides anelectrical by-pass of the degeneration inductance of the first topology.2. (canceled)
 3. A configurable low noise amplifier circuit according toclaim 1, wherein the low noise amplifier comprises a first inputtransistor, and the degeneration inductance comprises a degenerationinductor connected between a first output terminal of the first input,transistor and ground.
 4. A configurable low noise amplifier circuitaccording to claim 1, wherein the low noise amplifier comprises a firstinput transistor, and the feedback resistance comprises a feedbackresistor connected between the input terminal of the first inputtransistor and a first output of the circuit.
 5. A configurable lownoise amplifier circuit according to claim 4, wherein the switchingarrangement comprises: a first topology switching function connectedbetween a first output terminal of the first input transistor andground; and a second topology switching function connected between theinput terminal of the first input transistor and the feedback resistor,wherein the circuit is configurable in the first topology by configuringthe first and second topology switching functions in an open state, andwherein the circuit is configurable in the second topology byconfiguring the first and second topology switching functions in aclosed state.
 6. A configurable low noise amplifier circuit according toclaim 5, wherein the first and/or the second topology switchingfunctions comprise switching transistors, wherein each of the switchingtransistors is configurable in the open state via input of an open stateconfiguration control signal to the input terminal of the respectiveswitching transistor, and wherein each of the switching transistors isconfigurable in the closed state via input of a closed stateconfiguration control signal to the input terminal of the respectiveswitching transistor.
 7. A configurable low noise amplifier circuitaccording to claim 3, the circuit comprising a first cascade transistorconnected to a second output terminal of the first input transistor anda first output of the circuit.
 8. A configurable low noise amplifiercircuit according to claim 5, the circuit comprising a decouplingcapacitor connected between the input terminal of the first inputtransistor and the second topology switching function.
 9. A configurablelow noise amplifier circuit according to claim 4, the circuit comprisinga decoupling capacitor connected between the feedback resistor and anoutput of the circuit.
 10. A configurable low noise amplifier circuitaccording to claim 4, the circuit comprising a feedback amplifierconnected between the feedback resistor and an output of the circuit.11. A configurable low noise amplifier circuit according to claim 3,wherein the first topology comprises a capacitor connected between afirst output terminal of the first input transistor and ground.
 12. Aconfigurable low noise amplifier circuit according to claim 1, thecircuit comprising a configurable load connected to a first output ofthe circuit.
 13. A configurable low noise amplifier circuit according toclaim 1, wherein when the low noise amplifier circuit is configured inthe second topology, the degeneration inductance is adapted to provide apower supply noise rejection impedance.
 14. A configurable low noiseamplifier circuit according to claim 1, the circuit comprising a secondinput transistor whereby the low noise amplifier circuit comprises adifferential low noise amplifier circuit.
 15. A configurable low noiseamplifier circuit according to claim 14, wherein the degenerationinductor comprises a centre-tap differential degeneration inductorconnected to a first output terminal of the first input transistor, afirst output terminal of the second input transistor and ground.
 16. Aconfigurable low noise amplifier circuit according to claim 14, whereinthe feedback resistance comprises a further feedback resistor connectedbetween the input terminal of the second input transistor and a secondoutput of the circuit.
 17. A configurable low noise amplifier circuitaccording to claim 14, wherein the first topology switching function isconnected between the first output terminal of the first inputtransistor and the first output terminal of the second input transistor,the circuit comprising a third topology switching function connectedbetween the input terminal of the second input transistor and thefurther feedback resistor, wherein the circuit is configurable in thefirst topology by configuring the first, second and third topologyswitching functions in an open state, and wherein the circuit isconfigurable in the second topology by configuring the first, second andthird topology switching functions in a closed state.
 18. A configurablelow noise amplifier circuit according to claim 14, wherein when the lownoise amplifier circuit is configured in the second topology, thedegeneration inductance is adapted to provide a common-mode signalrejection impedance in relation to signal components common to the firstand second input signals.
 19. A radio-frequency semiconductor integratedcircuit comprising one or more configurable low noise amplifier circuitsaccording to claim
 1. 20. A radio-frequency module comprising one ormore radio-frequency filter circuits coupled to one or more configurablelow noise amplifier circuits according to claim
 1. 21. A devicecomprising a configurable low noise amplifier circuit according toclaim
 1. 22. A method of configuring a low noise amplifier circuitcomprising selectively applying one of: a first set of one or morecontrol signals to the circuit to configure the circuit in a firsttopology in which the low noise amplifier circuit comprises adegeneration inductance whereby the low noise amplifier circuit operatesas an inductively degenerated low noise amplifier; and a second set ofone or more control signals to the circuit to configure the circuit in asecond topology in which the low noise amplifier circuit comprises afeedback resistance whereby the low noise amplifier circuit operates asa resistive feedback low noise amplifier, wherein when the configurablelow noise amplifier circuit is configured in the second topology, theswitching arrangement provides an electrical by-pass of the degenerationinductance of the first topology.
 23. A configurable low noise amplifiercircuit, the low noise amplifier circuit being configurable between: afirst internal input impedance matching topology in which the low noiseamplifier circuit comprises one or more internal input impedancematching components adapted to match the input impedance of the lownoise amplifier to a given input, the one or more internal inputimpedance matching components being a portion of the low noise amplifiercircuit; and a second topology different from the first internal inputimpedance matching topology and which comprises a degenerationinductance, the configurable low noise amplifier circuit furthercomprising: a switching arrangement which operatively configures theconfigurable low noise amplifier circuit between the first internalinput matching topology and the second topology, wherein when theconfigurable low noise amplifier circuit is configured in the firsttopology, the switching arrangement provides an electrical by-pass ofthe degeneration inductance of the second topology.
 24. A configurablelow noise amplifier circuit according to claim 23, wherein the secondtopology is different from the first internal input impedance matchingtopology in that the second topology does not include the one or moreinternal input impedance matching components of the first internal inputimpedance matching topology.